DevOps is the set of practices that combines software development and software operations to optimize the development life cycle and provide delivery continuously with high software quality. The DevOps Engineer is the most demanded job at present. Given below are the set of Basic Interview Questions for freshers and Experienced candidates in a DevOps Interview. These questions are designed by the professional experts of our institute after extensive research.
The name DevOps states it clear that it is the collaboration of Development and Operation practices in an organization.
DevOps is not a tool or framework. It is the combination of tools that helps in automation of the complete infrastructure.
DevOps is primarily the implementation of Agile methodology on both the Development and Operational side of the process.
A non-relational and schema-less data model
Provides low latency and high performance
It is highly scalable
The purpose of DevOps is to deliver a faster and better application to meet the demands of the user and benefit the organization. It also helps rapidly in the deployment process compared to other tools.
The key aspects or principle behind DevOps are listed below
Security
Automation
Continuous Integration
Continuous Monitoring
Infrastructure as a Code
Continuous Deployment.
Listed below are some of the popular tools for DevOps
Git
Jenkins
Ansible
Puppet
Nagios
Docker
ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)
Monitoring
Backup System
Recovery plans
Load Balancing
Centralized logging
Git is written using the C language. Since it is written in C language it’s easy to reduce the overhead of runtimes.
SubGit is the tool that is used for migrating SVN to Git. This creates a writable Git mirror of the local or remote Subversion repository.
Idempotent
Very easy to learn
Very low overhead
Good performance
Declarative, not procedural
Agentless, it does not require any extra package or daemons to be installed
It helps fix the bug and implement new features quickly. This provides clarity of communication among team members. These are the Basic Interview Questions that are asked in a DevOps Interview to freshers.
Docker is the containerization technology that packages the application and it dependencies together in the form of containers to make sure that the application work easily in any environment.
The popular scripting language of DevOps is Python.
Docker image are the source of Docker container. Or we can define Docker images are used to create containers.
A kernel is the lowest level of easily replaceable software that interfaces with the hardware of your computer.
Vagrant are used as virtual box that hypervisor the environments in the current scenario and also it supports the KVM. It is the tool that is used for creating and managing environment for developing and testing software. These are the General DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to a fresher in the DevOps interview.
Sudo is the utility for Linux and Unix based systems that provide an efficient way to permit specific users to use the specific system commands from the root level of the system.
Jenkins Pipeline is a suite of plugins that supports the implementation and integration of constant delivery of pipelines to Jenkins.
When you want to run various docker containers, during that time you have to create the docker-compose file and type the command docker compose-up. This, in turn, will run all the containers mentioned in the docker-compose file.
Docker runs only on the Linux and Cloud platforms.
Linux:
Gentoo
ArchLinux
CRUX 3.0+
CentOS 6+
RHEL 6.5+
Fedora 20+
openSUSE 12.3+
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS+
Cloud:
Amazon EC2
Rackspace
Microsoft Azure
Google Compute Engine.
Also, it is to be noted that Docker does not run on Mac or Windows as there is no support. We can use it for testing purposes only that too in Windows.
To Stop the container: Enter the docker stop container ID
To restart the Docker container: Type the docker restart container ID.
These are the Common Interview Questions for freshers in the DevOps Interview.
The Scrum is used in dividing the complex software and product development task into smaller chunks by using iterations and incremental practice. The time duration of each iteration is 2 weeks.
Production Development
IT Operations development
Creation of the production feedback and its development
The technical benefits are listed below.
Manpower is reduced.
Software delivery is continuous.
Reduces Complexity in problems.
Faster approach to resolve problems.
Prior to committing the file, it should be formatted and reviewed on the intermediate area which is known as “Staging Area” or ” Indexing Area”
#git add
List the advantages of DevOps regarding business aspects.
The Business benefits DevOps is listed below.
Stable operating environments.
More time gained to Add values.
A high rate of delivering its features.
Enabling faster feature time to market.
DevOps Training at O7 Solutions provides the necessary professional training to the students and train them efficiently to equip themselves in a professional environment.
Ant and Maven are Build technologies while Jenkins is the continuous Integration (CI/CD) tool.
The core operation of the DevOps is
Unit testing
Packaging
Unit testing
Deployment
Provisioning
Configuration
Orchestration
Code coverage
Code developing
Application development
Deployment With infrastructure
Explain Continuous Integration.
While multiple developers or team who works on various segments of web application they need to perform the integration test by integrating the modules. To perform the automated process for every piece of code it should be performed regularly and the code should be tested. The complete process is termed as Continuous Integration.
The SCM tools that are supported by the Jenkins are as follows.
Git
CVS
RTC
Perforce
AccuRev
Mercurial
Clearcase
Subversion
State the relation between Hudson and Jenkins
Earlier Jenkins was called Hudson. Due to some issues that were faced in a project the name was changed to Jenkins from Hudson.
Mention any three advantages of Jenkins
The Bug Tracking is done easily in the earlier stage of the development environment.
It provides a large number of plugin support.
It will notify the developer with build reports or support failures that can be integrated with the LDAP mail server.
The Ansible is the software that configures the management tool to deploy the application using without any downtime. This is also used for the configuration and management of software applications. Also, Ansible is developed in the Python language.
The uses of top DevOps tools are as follows.
Docker: Containerization tool
GIT: Version Control System tool
Selenium: Continuous Testing tool
Nagios: Continuous Monitoring tool
Jenkins: Continuous Integration tool
Puppet, Chef, Ansible: Configuration Management and Deployment tools
High Availability
User-friendly and collaborative.
Reduces Data Redundancy and Replication
GIT can be used in any projects
These are the General DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to a fresher in an Interview.
Corporations are currently facing the necessity of processing quicker and improved requests to meet the persistent demands of the users to decrease the time and earn more profits to the business. And thus DevOps helps the organization in achieving its mission.
It permits any change that is made in the code to be tested directly.
Agile is a technology that is all about software development. Whereas DevOps is a technology that is used for Software Deployment and Management.
A few types of Http requests are as follows
GET
PUT
HEAD
POST
PATCH
TRACE
DELETE
CONNECT
OPTIONS
For managing a successful revision control, it is required to post the code on SourceForge or GitHub because everyone on the team could view it from there. Also, there is an option for viewers to suggest for improvement.
Here is the DevOps toolchain-
Code
Test
Build
Package
Release
Configure
Monitor
The build is the method on the source code where the source code is put together to check how it functions as a single unit. In the entire process, the source code would undergo four main processes they are a compilation, testing, inspection, and deployment.
Name some of the branching strategies used in DevOps
A few branching strategies that are used in DevOps are-
Feature Branching
Task Branching
Release Branching
Here is a list of the core operations of DevOps:
Unit testing
Packaging
Code coverage
Code developing
Configuration
Orchestration
Provisioning
Deployment
VCS is a software application that helps the software developers to work together and maintain a complete record of their work. These are Common DevOps Interview Questions that are put forth to the freshers and experienced candidates in a DevOps Interview.
The Git Bisect helps us to find the commit that introduces a bug using the binary search. The common syntax for a Git Bisect: Git bisect
The major benefits of the continuous testing tools are
Policy analysis
Risk assessment
Requirements traceability
Test optimization
Advanced analytics
Service virtualization
When a pattern is used by others, but not by the organizations and if you continue to follow it blindly and it indicates that you have adopted the anti-patterns.
Plugins are scripts that are run from a command line to check the status of Host or Service.
It is a useful project management tool. Puppet helps you to automate administration tasks. These are Basic DevOps Interview Question and Answers which are useful for the candidates who are going to attend the DevOps Interview.
Pointer record that is also known as (PTR) is used for a reverse DNS lookup.
Ansible could help in:
Configuration Management
Application Deployment
Task Automation
A chef is the powerful automation platform that transforms infrastructure into code. With this tool, one can use write scripts that are used to automate processes. These are the Basic DevOps Interview Questions for the Experienced and Freshers.
At least one Version Control Software
Proper communication among the team members
Automated testing
Automated deployment
It is just like a regular task inside an Ansible Playbook. But they run only when the task contains a “notify” directive. Generally, the Handlers are triggered if it is called by other tasks. DevOps Training at O7 Solutions provides an in-depth knowledge of the DevOps concepts and its Application to the students briefly under the guidance of working professionals.
There is Some Reason puppet to be chosen.
Puppet is open source
Easy to Learn Programming Language DSL
Puppet has good community support
SSH is the secure shell that provides users with a secure encrypted mechanism for logging into the system and transferring files.
For logging out the remote machine and working on command lines.
For Securing the encrypted communication between two or more hosts over a secured network.
The prominent network monitoring tools are
Splunk
Icinga 2
Wireshark
Nagios
OpenNMS
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Create a Pull request
Modifying according to the requirement of Developers by sitting with the developer.
Transfer the correct file to the branch
Merge the current branch with the master branch.
Kubernetes and Docker Swarm tools can be used for Docker Networking. These are the Basic DevOps Interview that is put forth
to a fresher candidate in an interview.
Basis of DistinctionAgile DevOpsDefinition Agile is an iterative approach that focuses on development.DevOps practices both development and operations.Target areasSoftware development.End to end business solutions.PurposeHandles complex projects.Handles end-to-end engineering processes. Tools Kanboard, Bugzilla, and JIRA are popular Agile tools.AWS, Chef, and Puppet are some popular DevOps tools.Feedback sourceSelf-feedbackFeedback is received from customers.Release cyclesSupports Agile release CyclesShorter release cycles and supports defect detection.
Use the following command and enter the message when prompted.
Git commit –amend
It is an Underdeveloped GUI with limited features.
More focus on orchestration than configuration management.
SSH communication is slow in scaled environments.
It is the open-source container that builds and management tool.
We can install Jenkins in 3 Different Ways
Downloading Jenkins archive file
Running as a service Java –jar Jenkins.war
Deploying the Jenkins.war to the web apps folder in the tomcat. These are General DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to fresher in a DevOps Interview.
Command-line tool – that is a docker binary and it communicates to the Docker daemon via the Docker API.
Meantime to the failure recovery
Deployment frequency
Percentage of the failed deployments.
The Component-Based Development is a unique way to approach the product development process. By using this method, developers always look for existing well tested, defined, and verified components to compose. Also, assemble them to a product instead of developing it from the scarp.
Test which ensures recovery without data and functionality loss after the failure is called Resiliency tests.
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Pair programming is the engineering practice of Extreme Programming Rules. In the pair Programming method, two programmers work on the same system, design, code, and algorithms. Generally, one programmer act as a driver and the other acts as an observer to monitor the progress of the project. These roles could be reversed at any time without any prior intimation. These are the Basic DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to a fresher in a DevOps Interview.
Using the host vars method we can access and add the variables.
Write the code for accessing variable names in Ansible.
{{ hostvars[inventory_hostname][‘ansible_’ + which_interface][‘ipv4’][‘address’] }}
By following the below command
docker run -itd –network=multi-host-network busybox.
The group of Virtual machines with the Docker Engine could be clustered and maintained as a single system. The resources can also be shared by the containers and Docker Swarm master schedules in any of the machines under the cluster according to the availability of the resource.
docker ps -a ( –an all)
The Facter gathers the basic information or facts about Puppet Agent like hardware details, settings, network, OS type, IP address, MAC address, and SSH keys. These facts are later made available in Puppet Master’s Manifests as a variable.
We have to follow the below command to create the tags in git
Git tag v0.1
The abbreviation of NRPE stands for ‘Nagios Remote Plugin Executor’. As the very name suggests, it allows you to execute Nagios plugins remotely on the other Linux or Unix machines. It can help monitor remote machine performance metrics like disk usage and CPU load. NRPE can communicate with a few of the Windows agent addons. Also, we can execute scripts and check metrics on the remote Windows machines as well.
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The prime benefits of automation testing are
Supports wider test coverage of applications and features
Ensures consistency
Allows parallel execution
Improves efficiency
Reusable test scripts
Saves money and time
Reliable results
Planning for infrastructure upgrades prior to the old systems fail
For responding to issues quickly
To solve problems automatically when detected
Coordinate with the responses that are received from the technical team
For monitoring the entire business processes and infrastructure.These are the General DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to freshers in a DevOps Interview.
git config
git init
git clone
git add
git commit
git status
git rm
git config – It is used for naming purposes.
git init – To begin a repository.
git clone – It is used for obtaining the repository from the existing URL.
git add – It is used for adding a file in the staging area.
git commit – This command generally snapshots or record the file permanently on the version history.
git status – It lists all the command that has to be committed.
git rm – It is used for deleting the file from the working directory and stages of deletion.
The important benefits of Continuous Integration are
Faster development cycles
Smarter risk mitigation
Stable codes
Team Communication
Reduced Overhead
Flexibility
Consistency of Building Process
It simplifies the process of searching the log data. Nagios Log Server is the right choice to perform tasks like setting up alerts, querying the log data, notifying if potential threats arise, and quickly auditing the system. With Nagios Log Server, you can get all of our log data in one particular location with high availability.
Namespaces are the ways to divide cluster resources between various users in Kubernetes. It is useful when multiple users or teams are using the same cluster that can lead to the potential name collisions. These are Common DevOps Interview Questions and Answers that are asked to a fresher in a DevOps Interview.
Explain about YAML
YAML- Yet Another Mark-Up Language is the way of storing data in the structured text formal like the JSON.
curl -X POST -u YOUR_USER:YOUR_USER_PASSWORD http://YOUR_JENKINS_URL/job/YOUR_JOB/build
The Chef Server is a central store for your infrastructure’s configuration data. It stores the necessary data that configures your nodes and provides a search that is a powerful tool that allows you to dynamically drive the node based on the configuration of data.
Image tags are the variants of Docker image . “latest” is the default tag of an image.
Blue/Green is the coloring pattern in one of the hardest challenges that are faced at the time of the automatic deployment process.
Blue/Green coloring pattern is one of the hardest challenges faced at the time of the automatic deployment process. In the Blue/ Green Deployment approach, we need to make sure two identical production environments. These are the General DevOps Interview Questions that are asked to the freshers in the DevOps Interview.
For Firefox:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
For Internet Explorer (IE):
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
For Chrome:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
It will only pull the data from the remote repo but it won’t merge with the repo on your local system.
It is used in updating the changes that are made in the remote repository on the internet.
We can use the “git reset” command could be used to undo the last commit.
A Chef Workstation is a host that is used to modify your cookbooks and other configuration data.
It is used in downloading the files from the repo and it will merge with the files on your local system.
Memcached is a free and open-source and high-performance distributed memory object in the caching system. The primary goal of Memcached is to improve the response time for the data which can be recovered or constructed from other sources or database. It is primarily used to avoid the operation of the SQL database or other sources that frequently fetch data for the concurrent request.
Social Networking – Profile Caching
Content Aggregation – Page Caching/HTML
Ad targeting – Profile tracking/Cookie
Relationship – Session caching
E-commerce – Session and HTML caching
Location-based services – It is used for Database query scaling
Gaming and entertainment – Session caching.
CAS Tokens
Callbacks
getDelayed
Binary protocol
Igbinary
When data changes we can update Memcached by
Clearing the Cache proactively
Resetting the Cache
The Canary release is a pattern that reduces the risk of introducing a new version software on the production environment. This is done by making it available in a limited manner to a subset of the user.
The above set of content is Commonly asked Interview questions to the fresher in an interview. We would also add more Basic DevOps Interview Questions in the coming days. Access our website constantly to be updated with the recent questions that are asked in the interview. Also, get to know more about DevOps training and its career scope from our website.
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O7 Services is a leading technology partner with ISO 9001:2015 certification, innovative solutions, and 24/7 support, ensuring business success in the rapidly evolving tech landscape.